Computer Recycling - 1852 Words

Running head: COMPUTER RECYCLING Computer Recycling June 29, 2009 Computer Recycling Over the years, tons of electronics equipment with hazardous materials have been thrown away with standard garbage. Over time, these materials leak out of the electronics causing damage to the environment. In order to try and reduce the threat, many local, state and federal governments are enacting legislation that requires proper disposal of old electronics. Most computer equipment becomes outdated anywhere from one to five years after its purchase. This puts a burden on consumers to try and properly dispose of old equipment lying around the house. Recycling is one of the best ways in which to have a positive impact upon the world in which we†¦show more content†¦Reuse of tin, silicon iron, aluminum, plastics, and a variety of plastics— all present in bulk in computers — can reduce the costs of constructing new systems. In addition, components frequently contain copper, gold, and other materials valuable enough to reclaim in their own right.Dismantled Sony Vaio PCG-982L and Compaq JBL Professional laptops.Computer components contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold. They also contain many toxic substances, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cadium, chromium, radioactive isotopes, and mercury. A typical computer monitor may contain more than 6% lead by weight, much of which is in the lead glass of the cathode tube (CRT). A typical 15-inch computer monitor may contain 1.5 pounds of lead, but other monitors have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead Circuit boards contain considerable quantities of lead-tin solders and are even more likely to leach into groundwater or to create air pollution via incineration. Additionally, the processing required to reclaim the precious substances (including incineration and acid treatments) may release, generate, and synthesize further toxic byproducts.A major computer recycling concern is export of waste to countries with lower environmental standards. Companies may find it cost-effective in the short term to sell outdated computers to less developed countries with lax regulations. ItShow MoreRelated Recycling Computers Essay817 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of recycling it is always important to talk about the effect this has on the environment. When recycling computers it is also very important to recognize the amount of hazardous material in an actual computer. Not until the last few decades has this been an issue. Many people and many companies are upgrading their computers and the issue here is what to do with the old ones. Computers are put together very complexly. There are many materials that are needed to make a computer work andRead MoreProposal on the Disposal of Old Computers by Recycling Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesProposal on the Disposal of Old Computers Arnel Lorenzo CIS/290 April 1, 2013 Eileen Broadhurst Proposal on the Disposal of Old Computers In preparation for the replacement our old computers with new ones here in our company I strongly suggests that all obsolete and non-working machines be recycled and must be disposed of properly according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ) Standards of Recycling in order not to destroy the environment from its hazardous componentsRead MoreRecycling Should Be Manditory1399 Words   |  6 Pageswe breathe. As responsible global citizens, the residents of this planet, Earth, need to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste not only to save the future generations but also to save the future environment and all of the living creatures inhabit it. Recycling has many benefits, some examples are: it saves money in production and energy cost, it helps save the environment from extraction and processing materials and it means less trash needs to be disposed. â€Å"Recyclable material from garbage will extendRead MoreThe Process and Benefits of Recycling869 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment? The facts and statistics shown on how things are recycled and how they help our world prove to be more interesting and beneficial then one would think. Recycling is a very intricate process that has many worldly benefits to which our people should be more aware of in their daily lives. The complicated process of recycling after products are picked up from the curb is worth the work to preserve the environment. Different products receive different treatment when it comes to breaking downRead MoreWays in Which Rubbish Can Be Said to Have Value in a Consumer Society1173 Words   |  5 Pagesanother from refuse which will include; the ecological value by reducing the space taken up in landfill sites, the value of profit in reducing Local Authority Costs by the selling of recyclable rubbish, the value of conserving natural resources when recycling paper, glass, plastic, clothing and IT equipment. The charitable value of providing clothing both in UK and abroad for those in need of help and food to those who might starve without the aid of charity. The value of education both in the UK andRead MoreRecycling Feasibility Study Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesOfficer From: Carolyn Haynes Subject: Recycling Feasibility Report for the Greening Corporation Starting a Companywide Recycling Program This is a feasibility report specifically complied for The Greening Corporation. John James, President of the Greening Corporation wants to start a recycling program. This report will assist, Alicia Pena, their Chief Financial Officer by providing research and recommendations for starting a recycling program. Our team has done research on severalRead More e-waste Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pageswork and makes it faster. Most of people have a computer at home or at work. In recent years changing of electronic equipment becomes faster due to obsolescence and advance (Deathe et al. 2008, 322). The problem of e-waste threatens the future environment of the modern society. E-waste or electronic waste means electrical and electronic equipment, which is not suitable for use and fills the dumps. Electronic equipment, such as mobile phones, computers, and televisions consist of hazardous materialsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Recycling1385 Words   |  6 PagesAre recycling efforts making a d ifference in the world? That’s the question that everyone asks when they make a decision as to whether they are going to recycle or not. Some decide  ¨Yeah this is worth it, I’ll make a difference ¨. Others decide  ¨No it’s a waste of time and money, I’m not going to do it ¨. People may believe that, but is it a waste of time and money? Recycling has the potential to generate jobs, save energy, save water, and so much more. Recycling is a $200 billion dollar industry (RecycleRead MoreToday’s Wastage Is Tomorrow’s Shortage so Start Now Saving the Earth for Tomorrow May Be Too Late.1524 Words   |  7 PagesToday’s wastage is tomorrow’s shortage so start now saving the earth for tomorrow may be too  late. Recycling is an excellent way of saving energy and conserving the environment. Did you know that: * 1 recycled tin can would save enough energy to power a television for 3 hours. * 1 recycled glass bottle would save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. * 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours. * 70% less energy is requiredRead MoreElectronic Waste: A Growing International Problem1116 Words   |  5 Pagesaffecting millions of people in developing countries. The United States is the biggest culprit exporting old, obsolete, and broken electronics to developing countries. One problem with the electronic recycling program in the United States is often, when people drop off their old electronics to companies for recycling, many companies find it more cost effective to transport the waste for money, sending it to third world countries where labor is cheap, and where a profit can be made for both the companies and

Marie Antoinette s Influence On The French Revolution

In 1755, Josà ¨phe Jeanne Marie-Antoinette was born as the daughter of Empress Maria Theresa; the sovereign who ruled the Hapsburg-Lorraine House in Austria. As a princess and a member of the Hapsburg dynasty, she inherited good looks which earned her a title of â€Å"youthful goddess of beauty and virtue† upon her arrival in France. At her age of fourteen, her mother sent her off to faraway France to married Dauphin, later known as Louis XVI, in order to secure a diplomatic alliance through marriage with France, a former enemy of Austria. Initially, Marie Antoinette had charmed the French people with her delicate looks; however, as she became the queen, slanderous accusations piled continuously which eventually damaged her reputation and led to her death. Why the French people hated Marie-Antoinette so much and what are the sinful things she ‘did’ in order to earn their wrath? From the existing pamphlets published before the French Revolution up to Coppolaâ€⠄¢s film Marie Antoinette, the press demonized the once adored lady into a highly lascivious whore. Marie-Antoinette’s sexual abuse were caused by the public perception as a sexualized body, a hidden fear towards all publicly active women and the potential power of their bodies, in which they use their sexual advantages toward men to gain an access to political power. First, the queen was an unwelcome guest in French people’s eyes. Marie-Antoinette was treated as a scapegoat due to her gender and the French people’s fear ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth, The Dynamic Of The Macbeths Relationship1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthe private life. Relationships can be toxic, healthy, and some are an odd mixture of both, creating a strange power complex. In Shakespeare s Macbeth, the dynamic of the Macbeths relationship is an example of one of those strange mixed relationships. These dynamics can also be seen in real world couples, such as King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. All of human existence revolves around relationships, or the lack thereof. Relationships can make us stronger people, but similarly they can makeRead MoreThe French Revolution:. The French Revolution Helped Mold1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution: The French revolution helped mold a lot of nations into what they are today. The French revolution began in 1789 and ended in 1799. Some important factors in the revolution are: its people, battles, and how it affected the nations that we know today. The French Revolution, also known as the revolution of 1789, was a movement that helped shape France into what it is today. The Revolution may have began in 1787 but it was not until 1789 the revolution to become worse. TheRead MoreRobespierre And The Sans Culottes Declared Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe month of September would be remembered as one of the bloodiest months in French history, in particular, September 5, 1793. On this day, Robespierre and the Sans Culottes declared terror is the order of the day. These words would begin a period of violence where the enemies of the Revolution were executed en masse. Between 1793 and 1794, thousands of French citizens were imprisoned and hundreds were killed by a group called the Committee of Public Safety. They claimed they were actingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1859 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant period that influenced many others, the French revolution. This was the time the French gained control of their rights and went against absolute monarchy. These unconventional approaches lead to many positive uprisings yet downfalls as well. Consequently, as many new discoveries had been born, people gained a new, secular perspective of the world, allowing them to realize their desire for change. This change, known as the French Revolution and numerous reasons caused this significant eventRead MoreThe Cause Of The French Revolution2375 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cause of the French Revolution Throughout history, what remains true is that the people are the ones who start a revolution. And when around 98% of a population is suffering to make a living, there is little hope for those in power. Taxes levied only on the common folk, crippling wars that left France with huge debts, and the careless spending of the upper classes ultimately lead to the start of the revolution. The main political cause was that the King had too much power but weak foreign policyRead MoreThe Goals Of The French Revolution1360 Words   |  6 PagesBeginning in 1789, the French Revolution was a time of rebellion, passion, betrayal, death, violence, and perseverance. Before 1789, King Louis XVI was taxing his poorest people heavily, whilst the rich were hardly taxed at all. The socioeconomic system in place at the time, known as the ancien regime, ruthlessly upheld the status quo. When the tension in France rose to a boiling point, fiery, young rebels to rose up against the Monarchy, the Ancien Regim e, and the Clergy. These revolutionaries desperatelyRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society1513 Words   |  7 Pagespopular throughout the general population of Europe during the 1700 s, and were especially popular in the American colonies. The French had these same ideas, but approached them in the opposite way. Americans believed that our creator gave us rights, that individuals or the majority rule threatened them, and that it was the government’s job to protect those rights- as is seen in the Declaration of Independence. In contrast, the French believed that people in general were good by nature, and, while weRead MoreWhy I Chose this Topic Sparkly tops, cozy pants; we never know where they come from. Maybe a kid1500 Words   |  6 PagesShops and clothes are what make most of the money. Overall my source said to me that everyone has an important job in the industry. Fashion is a very large topic, it started more than 10,000 years ago. Egyptians were into fashion and jewelry too. French queens and kings were known for wearing very expensive and extravagant outfits. During World War II other countries started getting in the spotlight, next to Paris. Fashion has Fashion Week, an event where over the top brands showcase their clothesRead MoreWhat Caused The French Revolution?917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat caused the French Revolution? Many things contributed to it evolving. But only three were the most important. The influence dates back all the way to the Age of Enlightenment, the ideas definitely had an effect on the French citizens. The American Revolution ties with the Enlightenment as well. The political inequality of the three estates played a huge part in the disruption. In addition to that, the Economic inequality also influenced France. The French Revolution is a big and memorable partRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Reign Of Terror21 65 Words   |  9 Pagespolitician and intellectual. So people adapting to the idea lead up to the French revolution. During the Enlightenment they was a reinforcement on the political conflict between the monarchy and the nobility. The nobility are the people who belonged to the noble family, and the monarchy are people in the throne (King and Queen). Therefore the conflict between the head of the monarch and the nobility was about taxation. The French government was in a deep debt after fighting a war with the American, their

Physiological Cost of War Free Essays

string(93) " sharing between them key information about the seriously injured veterans is found lacking\." The main concern before the Iraq adventure, in the United States revolved around the almost forgotten veterans of the Vietnam War who had at one time put their lives in harms way and were still paying the price and coping with persistent dysfunction. These veteran’s health care problems and the provision of proper resources and services for these aging men were proving to be an irritant of the bygone days, and then the Gulf War came to us; or rather we went to it with open arms. The wheel has turned full circle once again and today a whole new and young generation of veterans has come to replace the old veterans before they are all gone into the pages of history. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiological Cost of War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perhaps this new problem of new health care issues that has been forced on our conscious may also make us spare a few thoughts for our older veterans. They are still reeling from the psychological harm done to them ages ago and perhaps this will serve as a notice to us that in all probability, the new generation of veterans will also carry similar scars into their and our futures too. They have done their part and we must not forget to do ours, by taking care of them and by not forgetting them as we forgot some of the old ones. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder It was â€Å"Shell Shock† in World War 1 and â€Å"Combat Neurosis† in World War 11 and now it is PTSD. Since the evolution of mankind there have been battles and wars and irrespective of their outcomes, they have had all types of long terms effects on mankind and the American Psychiatric Association have finally recognized it as â€Å"Anxiety Disorder† and termed it as PTSD. Let us hope and pray that there are no more future wars and this scourge does not have to be redefined any more and given another fancy name. PTSD, as we shall call it by its current term is a result of traumas, and usually after an individual goes through one; it sets in within a few months and lasts several years or even lifetimes. Usually in wars soldiers and civilians are often subjected to violence and brutalities during battles and wars while participating in them or even witnessing them and these experiences causes’ traumas. PTSD however, may also be caused by non-combat incidents of violence and brutality towards civilians and combatants, with many veterans never having been aggressive yet suffering from profound feeling of guilt just because of their having been associated with such acts. It has however to be noted that violence in warfare is clearly the reason for triggering PTSD. The symptoms for PTSD can vary like the re-experiencing of traumatic events, such as flashbacks or intrusive thoughts, nightmares, obsessive recollections, avoidance symptoms like fear of being with people, signs of hyper arousal like easily being startled or irritated, increased arousal, avoidance of experiences or people who trigger memories of such events, nervousness, over-reaction to sudden noise, difficult in sleeping, cold sweats, nightmares, difficulty in relating emotionally to others, bouts of rage with depressions, depressions, feelings of extreme alienation and meaningless, isolation from people, in extreme cases thoughts of murder or suicide etc. For these symptoms to develop, it can take anything from a few months to years to reach the stage where it is fully blown up. As soldiers are led to believe that admission of bad feelings are signs of weakness, their superiors usually discourage them from seeking professional help and thereby making it difficult to identify PTSD timely. To improve the quality of their lives and their interests, soldiers should take care of themselves as best as they can and not succumb to peer pressure, and seek help from a qualified mental health professional. PTSD can be treated through therapy, medication or a combination of both (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Health Care of Veterans The principle responsibility for the provision of health care for veterans is with the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The individuals entitled to receive medical care and rehabilitation services are either from the regular military, National Guards or from the reservists, however, their benefits, treatment and the services they avail differ in some ways. The designated agencies and institutions that take care specifically of the health problems and disabilities which arise during or after having returned from active duty of veterans do not provide their services to the general public. Risk of Veterans A number of studies have reported that serious flaws are existing in the response these veterans are getting from the nation. The collection and reporting of the veteran’s occupational and environmental health and safety (OEHS) is not being recorded properly and the utilization of data is at times critically wrong in identifying the exposures that had put the members of the armed services at risk. The correct knowledge of such exposures is vitally important for proper diagnosis and treatment and veterans at times at risk of negative health effects and even of becoming disabled. Recommendations in this regard have already been made to the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs, which have also been largely accepted by them. It is necessary that the Department of Veterans Affairs puts in place procedures to hold the government responsible based on available proof to prove that the veterans were not exposed to alleged toxic of other dangerous substances as claimed by them to be the main causes of their disabilities. These procedures should also include provisions to cover for the spouses and children of service personnel who also may have been affected genetically or by secondary exposures. Transition Services The transitional factor in veteran’s term is also an important one because when individuals transit from the Department of Defense to the Department of Veterans Affair’s health and rehabilitation facilities, due to the lack of data sharing between them key information about the seriously injured veterans is found lacking. You read "Physiological Cost of War" in category "Papers" This obliges the Department of Veterans Affairs to depend on the unreliable data sharing arrangement made between them and the local military treatment facilities. This is a major issue where veterans are concerned and in particular this is harmful to those of them who are disabled and need vocational and other necessary services. These haphazard arrangements and practice also need to be addressed at the highest forums of the country with urgency (Health, 2006). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD has become amongst the greatest challenges being faced by the country to meet the required levels of health care and rehabilitation for military personnel. PTSD needs to be redefined as a disability because it can prove to be chronic as well as invisible and it can also be episodic. During the chronic stage it can be controlled and not be defined as a disability through coping strategies and in its episodic manifestation stage where a singular or more major life functions is affected, it may be mistreated as being temporary and be limited to the prevalent statutory definition of disability. â€Å"The Institute of Medicine has been studying PTSD on an ongoing basis for more than two years. While recognizing that the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PTSD may in some cases be uncertain, and in all cases will be highly individualized, NCD recommends that Congress conduct further oversight hearings into the VA’s understanding of the PTSD problem and into the agency’s ability to deal with it effectively, and that all necessary resources be made available to enhance VA’s work in this area. † (CRS Order Code RL 32961, June 24, 2005) Cost of War to Connecticut The direct cost to Connecticut due to the war from the year 2001 till the middle of 2006 has been the following according to official sources: While failing to give any priority to Connecticut’s security concerns, the present administration’s war has claimed a heavy toll of 9,604 young and brave Connecticut men and women lives in Iraq. A tremendous strain has been put of the families of 3,655 Reservists and National Guards who were deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq with many of them being called repeatedly to report for duty. The figures for the above two statistics are according to the Department of Defense as on 5/31/06. In Connecticut the administration has failed to secure the ports and borders adequately. The people of Connecticut are collectively trying to transform the war policies around and are pressing for the redeployment of the American Forces as quickly as possible. Connecticut is struggling to honor the sacrifices of the 268,947 veterans who have served for the nation and is trying to ensure that their due earned benefits are given to them. Due to the war, 40,100 jobs in the manufacturing industries have been lost and at present 75,000 people are searching for jobs in Connecticut. The annual income per family has dropped to around US$ 274 since the 2000’s in Connecticut and the rising costs of consumables has reduced the purchase powers of the minimum wage earners to the lowest levels in 50 years. The people of Connecticut also feel that instead of creating jobs that pay well, the administration is providing subsidies of billions of dollars in corporate tax for overseas shipping jobs, while refusing to increase since the last nine years the minimum wage levels. The Connecticut people have to pay $ 3. 20 for a gallon of gasoline on average, which is 111% more than what it was in January 2001, thus forcing families in Connecticut to bear and additional $2,695,339,147 cost of $2,001 per every two-car family on gasoline in comparison to 2001 as per the figures of the â€Å"House Government Reform Committee, Dem. Staff, 7/06†. Health insurance costs have sharply raised in Connecticut since 2000 by $ 1,009 per family, which is a 66 percent rise, with the number of residents not insured reaching 407,000, which amounts to a 61,000 increase of residents since the year 2000. College costs for the 172,775 Connecticut students have soared as the federal financial aid by GOP has been reduced. Thus, attending a 4 year public college is costing32% more and of a 4 year private college costing 22% more in comparison to the fall of 2000, thus a typical student who borrows for graduation from college is in debt of $ 19,093. Unfortunately for Connecticut students the administration has cut $ 12 billion from the federal student aid programs making it harder for colleges to manage properly. Due to the war, the record out of control budget deficits is proving to be heavy taxes for the Connecticut families. It is to be noted here that during the last 5 years, the administration have turned a $ 5. 6 trillion surplus that was projected for 10 years into a record debt, and it borrowed another staggering $ 1 trillion, which is more borrowing than the combined totals of all the past 42 U. S. president’s administration put together. The net economic impact amounts to a debt burden of $ 31,393 per every typical middle-income Connecticut family of four (Official Website of the U. S. House of Representatives). In Connecticut the average outpatient psychiatric care expenses for every veteran comes up to $2,317 a year, which is considerably much more than being spent in other states. (Veterans Health Care) Cost of War in General Due to PSTD While more than 1. 2 million have so far gone for the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001, with over a fourth of them having served their tour of duty more than once, Yale researcher’s studies indicate that approximately 196,000 veterans have symptoms of PTSD and its treatment costs $ 274 million, which is almost 13 percent of the total medical budget. Yale researchers expect that with the troops engaged now in two wars the numbers of PTSD cases in veterans will further raise. Furthermore, data collected from recent surveys conclude by suggesting that between 10 and 20 percent of the soldiers presently in Iraq meet the criteria by which PTSD is measured. (Yale, n. d. ) According to a report in the Associated Press dated 28th July 2006, every third soldier returning from war will have mental health related problems, which could lead to PTSD. The report continues by mentioning that 3 to 5 percent of the soldiers are diagnosed with severe mental health problems after they leave the combat zones, while a staggering 13 percent soldiers suffer severe mental health issues at the time of being in the combat zones. Mental health issues are also diagnosed when soldiers undergo their follow-up screening during the three and six month period, where another 4 to 5 percent are diagnosed with PTSD. However, PTSD symptoms are comparatively higher amongst the soldiers of the National Guard than the regular Army soldiers. In view of the stress related problems in the combat zones, 200 mental health experts have been sent to Iraq to help soldiers through counseling so as to prevent suicidal tendencies and other mental problems. (Soldiers Return Home with Mental Disorders) According to Congresswoman Rosa L. DeLauro (Conn. -3) m, approximately every sixth soldier returning from the war zone demonstrates PTSD symptoms and she has therefore requested for better mental health services for soldiers and their family members. (DeLauro) Another report in the March 12, 2007 issue of the Achieves of International Medicine suggests that soldiers younger then 25 years seemed more vulnerable to PTSD. (One of Three War Vets Have Mental-Health Problems) The fighting with an insurgency in Iraqi with unclear enemies and on the front lines have left soldiers highly vulnerable to PTSD and many are turning to alcoholism and drug abuse and at times they do not get timely treatment or proper counseling. A study by the found that 80% of the soldiers diagnosed with symptoms of PTSD were not referred for further mental-health services or evaluation. Studies have also confirmed that repeated deployment of soldiers increased the risk of PTSD. (Iraq War Vets Face Mental Illness) Conclusion We will start the conclusion with the following quote: â€Å"Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. † – President Dwight D. Eisenhower April 16, 1953 War is not just a business for the administration but war is everybody’s business as it is concerned directly with the mothers and the families of troops on the battle-fields and indirectly with the mothers and families of those who are affected due to the consequences of war. War concerns directly with the young men and women who because of their traumatic experience sometimes turn into the living dead. The clock that ticks the total running cost of the war in Iraq alone at the early hour of 3/16/07 was as at a staggering U. S. Dollars 374,213,602,800. – And increasing by the thousand every few seconds and it seemed to be in a rush to overtake the â€Å"dooms day clock†, (Farabaugh, 2006). While history has always been littered with exaggerated gross underestimates of war costs and some of their fine examples are; Abraham Lincoln had originally calculated the civil war to cost $ 250 million and to last 90 days but the civil war had its final price tag of $ 3. 3 billion and it lasted four years. The First World War was to be a short and inexpensive one as per forecasts and the Vietnam War cost 90% more than its forecast. The 1991 Persian Gulf or rather the Kuwait War ended up costing $ 76 billion in war costs directly but for a change these were paid for by the U. S. allies, however, it did cost a relatively lower number of 148 combat deaths. A decade later the taxpayers of the United States are still absorbing billions of dollars towards the cost of providing treatment for the injuries and disabilities of the veterans of that particular war, where one third of the 1990/1991 Gulf War veterans numbering 206,000 have filed for disabilities claims out of which 159,000 have been approved. If this postwar casualty rate is considered extraordinary, then God help us all with the postwar casualty rate of our present war. The former economic advisor to the White House, Lawrence Lindsey had suggested that the intervention in Iraq could cost the United States about 2% of its Gross Domestic Product or roughly put $200 billion. His estimates were rapidly dismissed by the White House and in a few months later he was dismissed from his position. Approximately a year and a half later his prediction began proved to be wrong and a gross underestimation of the Iraq intervention. The U. S. taxpayers up to now have committed approximately $180 billions for the buildup to the war for overthrowing Saddam Hussein’s regime and for the occupation and rebuilding process in Iraq, and this is not inclusive of the special aid and trade deals cost for buying allies. And the biggest source of underestimation that the war would be a â€Å"cakewalk† has been proven wrong. (Hartung, 2004) References DeLauro, Calls for Mental Health Services for Returning Soldiers http://www. house. gov/delauro/press/2005/April/vet_mh_04_11_05. html 16 March, 2007 Health, 2006, Chapter 4, National Council of Disability, Chapter 4 http://www. ncd. gov/newsroom/publications/2006/progress_report. htm#chapter_four Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Iraq War Vets Face Mental Illness, Addictions http://www. jointogether. org/news/headlines/inthenews/2006/iraq-war-vets-face-mental. html 16 March, 2007 Kane Farabaugh, 2006, Iraq War at Heart of Connecticut Senate Race http://www. voanews. com/english/archive/2006-10/2006-10-13-voa40. cfm? CFID=48428407CFTOKEN=31645168 Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Official Website of the U. S. House of Representatives http://www. house. gov/delauro/NewDirection/NewDirection_Connecticut. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 One of Three War Vets Have Mental-Health Problems, March 12, 2007 issue of the Archives of International Medicine http://www. jointogether. org/news/research/summaries/2007/one-of-three-war-vets-have. html 16 March, 2007 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD Fact Sheet http://www. ivaw. org/ptsdfactsheet Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Soldiers Return Home with Mental Disorders http://www. jointogether. org/news/headlines/inthenews/2005/soldiers-return-home-with. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Steve Robinson, Executive Director of the National Gulf War Resource Center, a veteran’s advocacy organization in Silver Spring, Md. Accessed: 16 March, 2007 The war in Iraq cost the United States http://www. venusproject. com/ecs/Cost_of_War_files/Cost_of_War. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Veterans Health Care Issues in the 109th Congress (CRS Order Code RL 32961, June 24, 2005) Veterans Health Care http://ptsdcombat. blogspot. com/2007/03/war-list-oefoif-statistics. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 William D. Hartung, 2004, Iraq and the Costs of War, FPIF Policy Report http://www. fpif. org/papers/2004cost. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 Yale, VA supporting troops on the home front http://www. medicineatyale. org/v2i1_january2006/ptsd. html Accessed: 16 March, 2007 How to cite Physiological Cost of War, Papers

Little Women Essay Example For Students

Little Women Essay Little women book reportIn 1868, Louisa May Alcott wrote the book Little Women inresponse to a publishers request for a girls book'. Louisa wrotethis book by calling upon her own memories of her childhood and puttingthem down on paper. This is the story of four young girls, Meg, Jo, Beth,and Amy March, and how they endure all the trouble and hardships that comealong during their lives. They are raised by their mother and by theirfather, and many interesting characters pop up along the way, such asLaurie, their good-natured next-door neighbor; Laurie later falls in lovewith Jo but ends up marrying Amy. In the beginning of the story they areall fairly young, the youngest being twelve years old, and their mother,whom they call Marmee, is left to guide them while their father is awayfighting in the war. As they grow and mature, they learn many hardlessons about life. For instance, there was the time when Amy, theyoungest, suffered her first punishment in school. She carries thatanger, hu mility, and embarrassment with her for the rest of her life. There were also more serious lessons to be learned, like when one of thesisters, Beth, dies. By the end of the book, they really have turned fromlittle women into real women. Jo was the second oldest of the four sisters. Her birth name wasJosephine, but she always thought that it sounded too feminine, so sheshortened it to Jo. Clearly, Jo was one of the main characters of thestory because many of the events centered on her and the audience learnedmore about who she was. She was a tomboy at heart and hated all the primand proper ways of the ladies in those days. Jo was very blunt in herspeaking and always said exactly what was on her mind. However, mostpeople felt right at ease speaking with her because she had a way ofmaking them feel comfortable, despite her frankness. Jo was the one whofirst had enough courage to go over to the frightening house next door andtalk with the Laurence Boy, whom they knew as Laurie after that, andbecame the best of friends with him. Despite that one good trait, Jo hasan uncontrollable temper that can erupt at any time. This is quiteevident one day when Amy burns one of Jos most precious items-a book thatshe wrote stories in and had for years. She is so outraged that shecannot even look Amy in the face and storms out of the house. Jo thenwatches as Amy follows her and Laurie outside to a pond to go ice-skating. Laurie warns Jo that the ice is very thin in the middle, but Amy does nothear him and proceeds to skate into the center. Jo does nothing to stopher. Amy almost died that day, and Jo realized that her selfishness andanger almost cost her her own sister. Mrs. March then teaches Jo how tocontrol her temper, and that was one of the most valuable lessons she everlearned. Jo has the ability to see things as they are. She can seethrough any kind of facade, and she will never put up a facade of her own. As they say in France, Elle est la cr*me de la cr*me. She is the bestof the best. Another character that is very important yet was not seen verymuch was Mrs. March, the girls mother. Mrs. March was a very emotionallystrong woman who would give up anything for someone else. She is veryaware of how her daughters are feeling. Their father is at war, and theyno longer have the money that they once had. Mrs. March makes sure thather children count the blessings that they do have and that they do notcomplain. Continuously yearning for more makes one unappreciative of whathe already has. She demands authority, yet is gentle as a small mouse. .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .postImageUrl , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:hover , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:visited , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:active { border:0!important; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:active , .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6e35665709fd36016f8e7795776396f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Junk Food Really Cheaper? EssayShe is actually both father and mother to the girls because although herhusband does come home later in the book, he is rarely seen. Mrs. Marchand Jo are actually quite alike. They both have spitfire tempers, andthey both know how to get their point across tactfully. Mrs. Marchprovides wisdom and advice and guides her daughters down the straight andnarrow path toward happy and fulfilling lives. There are two themes to this book. The first one is that familyis everything in a persons life. A family is there for when a person issoaring above the stars, and they are there to pick him up again when hefalls. It is very difficult to get through life without a caring andloving family to offer support in all of lifes experiences. Thoseblessed with this precious gift rarely seem to appreciate it to the fullextent that they should. The second theme of this book shows that nomatter how hard situations get and how much turmoil life deals out, no oneshould ever give up. Everyone goes through tough times, but perseveranceand a good attitude will fend off the blows life delivers everyday. Little Women is definitely a classic that will continue on throughthe ages. Everyone should read this book once before theyre too old andhardened to appreciate it. This book set a precedent for how all goodliterature should be written. From this book Ive learned how to pick upand get on with my life after something bad happens. If the Marches cancarry on after the death of their sister Beth, then the common man shouldbe able to go on after smaller challenges entrap him. Mankind shouldalways love and support each other in all areas of life, and maybe thiswill make this world just a little more pleasant in which to live.

The Myth of the Culture of Poverty

The Cars Engine essays

The Car's Engine essays The function of a cars engine is to make a car move. Engines come in a variety of strengths and speeds. All modern engines are made of essential parts. A description of the engines design illustrates its function. The core of the engine is the cylinder. The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder. The engine described here has one cylinder, but engines vary from four all the way to twelve. In a multi-cylinder engine the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat (also known as horizontally opposed or boxer). The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder. Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes: they prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion, and they keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart added every 1,000 miles are burning it because the engine is old and the rings no longer seal things properly. The combustion chamber is the area where compression and combustion take place. As the piston moves up and down, you can see that the size of the combustion chamber changes. It has some maximum volume as well as a minimum volume. The difference between the maximum and minimum is called the displacement and is measured in liters or CCs (Cubic Centimeters, where 1,000 cubic centimeters equals a liter). So if you have a 4-cylinder engine and each cylinder displaces half a liter, then the entire engine is a "2.0 liter engine." If each cylinder displaces half a liter and there are six cylinders arr...

Canadian Monetary and Fiscal Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Canadian Monetary and Fiscal Policies - Essay Example Despite the challenges that have characterized the West in the recent past, the last two years have not really been a sad affair for Canada. Despite the economic recession that affected most countries across the world, the recovery process in the case of Canada has rather been a positive affair often realized from the economic trend in the country. In these post recession days, Canada has evidenced the highest economic growth rates in the G-7 economic block. Presently, Canada’s fiscal position is certainly the strongest amongst the G-7 countries and this helps to confirm the proper economic policies of the Canadian government in the recent past. The focus of the government in this regard is to ensure that the country remains attractive and economically stable for the purposes of investment and economic realization. The government’s Economic Action Plan, Budget 2011 was designed in a way to enhance and promote the financial strength of the families in Canada, to create a competitive tax system that attracts investment, to promote innovation and to bond the emerging trade relations between Canada and other countries. In any case, it has been realized that most of these policies have actually been realized in the process of economic recovery and the evidence relates to the fact that the country ranks the top in several economic respects across the world. Through the Economic Action Plan, the government has instituted various policies ad measures that have greatly benefited the country and continue to create positive economic impact on the face of the country. Through the plan, the government is committed to encourage the growth of skilled workforce in the economy through apprenticeships and skilled trades which are indeed churning out thousands of skilled works into the Canadian economy. Presently, the government invests over $40 million annually towards the new Apprenticeship Competition Grant (ACG) (Pasma 2012). This is in addition to the Apprentic eship Incentive Grant (AIG) which has been in existence for several years. Through these programs, it is realized that over 20,000 apprentices are rolled into the economy and get certified after the required period. The Canadian economic success has over the last two years largely depended on the country’s ability to export goods to other countries. While most countries in the West are trying to re-strategize and recover from the detrimental effects of the economic recession, the government of Canada’s main preoccupation has always been the need to create the positive and favorable economic climate in order to enhance and improve the balance of trade for the country. In this respect, Canada has an advantage over the rest of the countries owing to the various policies that have always existed and have greatly been advocated by the government in the last two years. For instance, the Canadian financial system is certainly the strongest in the world. The institutions and h ousehold in Canada are also some of the financially stable units in the industrialized world. All these positivities are basically a consequence of the economic orientation which the Canadian government has always pushed for over the decades. Upon the realization of the critical effects of the financial meltdown, the government was at the forefront in enhancing its fiscal measures so as to boost the growth of the economy and create a stronger economy that can easily withstand the strong waves of the economic

Delegation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegation - Essay Example As the paper declares assignments that supposed to be delegated are those that will interest staff and make them content to be working on the assignment. Why do people like work? The respond is that the work one takes pleasure in involves learning new skills, is to some extent imperative and conceivably will obtain for staff members some credit and add to their status and future employability. This essay declares that to achieve those purposes, the human resources ought to be evaluated. Finding the right individual who will be thrilled about the assignment and advantage from it is crucial. A delegated assignment should intrinsically be a learning course for the individual accountable for it. On the other hand, the staff member chosen should have suitable acquaintance and skills to comprehend the nature and scope of the project. If the Elementary School Principal can sense an eagerness about the prospect, which is a hint that the correct staff member has been chosen for delegation of the assignment. As Fairfax County Public Schools uses delegation for development, evaluating and harmonizing the assignments to all human resources transforms increasingly significant. Giving development opportunities to only a few staff members will shortcut the Fairfax County Public Schools' capability to extend human resources with manifold skills and talents. Leaving some staff members out of the probability for development will also lead to turnover of otherwise excellent and productive human resources.

The Degradation of Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Degradation of Work - Essay Example The pioneering work of Harry Braverman in Labor and Monopoly Capital is worth the area of attention and appreciation to understand the past working condition, the working environment, and the unethical commodities therein. Harry Braverman has described with great intelligence and ability the division of labor and mechanization in his competent writings. Braverman believed in the presence of disorder in the management of labor and attributed this feature to the then existence of machines. His writings were bold and addressed the society as whole. Though his writings were produced during his living in USA, they held applicability to people from different regions and areas of living. It could wisely address the then prevailing conditions even in the other countries including India, South Africa, and United Kingdom. In past times, the complete thrust of capitalism was to weaken the base of humanity. One could find a place in workplace, after having sold his/her labor power and creative ability to the capitalists who viewed it as their own property. The sorrow touched the human working form with the exposure to the fact that the ability to work and create was being considered on par with the other means of production. The truth is that to the most capitalist, labor was the cost of production. And the capitalist therefore aimed to minimize this cost of production then no matter what harm or loss it inflicted on the working people. Though true, it really takes a pain inflicting approach to agree to its prominent and irrational existence. The capitalists further aggravated the then existent condition of degradation of labor by imposing the evil effect by indirect means to the workers. The workers could do little, if at all to beat this deadly approach towards their work and creativity. It seemed as if the goodness of man had been sold to a rich hand. Harry Braverman in his intellectual writings exposed naked the ugliness of the then existent capitalism. He pointed out with authentic understanding and examples that the focus of capitalist management is control over the workers. The first step of the capitalist to get the workers into the factories, and then the dirty game takes its grip by watching the workers with an aim for dividing them. The divided workers stand not in unity even to achieve their most essential goal. The condition faces further grief from the machines that threaten them with redundancy. The focus of fight of the workers rested on the objective of winning higher wages and benefits, while yielding to employers the complete right to control the workplace. This was called as "accord" between labor and capital. This "accord" held its own existent limitations for survival and progress. The "accord" acted as an insufficient basis of fighting the class struggles. The prominent reason that resulted in the failure of "accord" was a definite limit on wage increase that was placed and it found its existence even in the periods of rapid capital accumulation. Absence of present applicability of Braverman's brave work in the pleasant present time Labor power or labor force is an important concept brought to practice by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. He viewed

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders: Analysis

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders: Analysis Cognitive therapy is a highly effective treatment for mood disorders. Discuss. As Karasu noted in 1982, there has historically been a polarization of the field of treatment of all psychological conditions; on the one hand, there is a camp which touts psychotherapy as the most effective and superior form of treatment, and on the other, there are those who champion the cause of pharmacotherapy as the most effective treatment.[1] In Karasu’s words, this separation between the two disciplines is likely to be â€Å"symptomatic of the post-Cartesian mind-body dichotomy at the core of modern medicine.† Statements about the effectiveness of the one or the other, which is often held to be thus the superior of the two, should be viewed through this lens. Before we can address the question of whether or not cognitive therapy is a highly effective treatment for mood disorders, we need to be clear about what we mean by â€Å"cognitive therapy† and â€Å"mood disorders†. Mood disorders are typically taken to cover a range of depressive disorders which include both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, and which might range from full-blown major depression through to the display of some depressive symptoms. According to Blackburn et al., citing Beck’s (1967, 1976) cognitive theory of depression, someone who is depressed will view themselves as a â€Å"loser† and will interpret all their experiences in terms of their own inadequacies. They will anticipate that their present difficulties will continue indefinitely and, blaming themselves, they will become increasingly self-critical. As well as this negative view of the self, the world and the future, they will also make â€Å"logical systematic errors†, which will lead them to draw erroneous conclusions about their experiences. Such errors might include personalization, over-generalization, magnification and minimization. They will also have â€Å"dysfunctional basic premises† or â€Å"idiosyncratic schemas†, which help them to sieve, categorize and act upon information that they receive from their experiences of the world around them..[2] The aim of cognitive therapy is to change these negative schemas through the use of a variety of cognitive and behavioural techniques. The approach is problem-oriented and time-limited, typically lasting about 12 weeks.[1] The most frequently reported forms of cognitive therapy in the literature are cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Other techniques include psychoeducation, psychodynamic focal therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Throughout this paper, the terms cognitive therapy and psychotherapy are used interchangeably. Among these different cognitive therapy techniques, CBT is the one most often considered in the literature, and it is widely reported to be effective, but how do we decide if something is highly effective or not? To decide how effective a treatment is, we need to consider the available evidence. What follows is not a full and systematic review of the literature, which is beyond the scope of this paper, but rather, a look at some of the available evidence to date on the subject and an outline of the key issues. In it, I propose that the evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal and that a more integrated approach would be more beneficial. Writing in 1981, Blackburn et al. cite a study by Rush et al. (1977), which was one of the earlier studies comparing cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, and which showed that cognitive therapy was superior to the drug imipramine in outpatients with unipolar depression in both level of response and rate of premature treatment termination.[2] They attempted to replicate that study, but comparing a range of drugs with cognitive therapy, rather than just imipramine, and they also tested a combination of both cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy. They found cognitive therapy to be only minimally more effective than the drugs in a group of mildly to moderately depressed hospital outpatients, but significantly more so than drugs alone in general practice, both alone and in combination with drugs. In both groups, using a combination of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy produced the greatest effect of all.[1] However, as the researchers do note, they used no objective method to assess patients’ compliance with the pharmacotherapy regimen.[2] In their study of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and assertion training (AT) groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders, Ball et al. found CBT alone to produce a significant improvement in all the outcomes measured, including at follow-up.[3] However, the group that received a combination of CBT and AT showed only minimal improvement on the social competence and anxiety measures[4], and only two of the four measures that were significant immediately after the treatment were still significant at follow-up.[5] In short, the presence of a comorbid personality disorder appeared to impede the response to CBT and AT and the outcomes at follow-up.[6] Since depressed patients have high rates of comorbid personality disorders[7], these results have significant implications for the use of cognitive therapy in combination with other forms of non-pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression. The use of a much briefer CBT protocol in this study (15 hours over five weeks), which as Ball et al. note is about half that in most studies in the CBT outcomes literature, should be noted. If briefer protocols like this can produce appreciable long-term improvements in the prognosis of depression, then this is likely to be more cost-effective than the longer protocols typically employed.[8] However, since the study was uncontrolled, there may well be other explanations for the results. Clearly more studies, particularly randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of cognitive therapy in this under-researched group are needed. In their recent review of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatments for mood and anxiety disorders, Otto et al. noted that in terms of acute outcomes, both CBT and pharmacological treatments have repeatedly been shown to be efficacious and in most cases to offer an approximately equal effect, though there are some suggestions that CBT is more tolerable and especially more cost-effective.[1] CBT has, however, consistently shown a strong relapse-prevention effect, in direct contrast to pharmacotherapy, which often requires ongoing treatment to prevent relapse.[2] It has been suggested that pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy have differential effects, the former on symptom formation and affective distress, and the latter on interpersonal relations and social adjustment, each activated and sustained on a different time schedule, the pharmacological treatments sooner and over a shorter duration and the psychotherapeutic treatments later and over a longer duration.[3] There is some evidence that CBT and pharmacotherapy may produce similar limbic and cortical changes in the brain, but also that they target different primary sites.[4] There is, moreover, some evidence of complementary modes of action among patients who fail on one form of treatment but gain benefit from the other.[5] Such complementarity favours a more integrated approach to the treatment of depression that combines the beneficial effects of both pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy, but is there any evidence that such an approach does indeed work? In their 1986 review of the evidence for the effectiveness of combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression, Conte et al. found a combination of the two approaches to be more effective than either of the treatments alone, though the apparently additive effect was not a strong one. Conte et al. highlight a number of possible explanations for the observed effect, including the high drop-out rates in the studies they considered, making generalization difficult, the differential response to pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy dependent on whether the diagnosis was endogenous or situational, questions about whether it is either ethical or even practically possible to have a placebo in psychotherapy trials, and the low power of their own overall approach to their review.[1] Conte et al. also suggest that whilst their results might support the additive model, they might also be explained if some patients benefit more from one treatment and some more from the other. [2] The non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists also makes comparisons and generalizations difficult, if not impossible.[3],[4] In 1997, Thase et al. suggested that their mega-analysis comparing psychotherapy with psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations provided evidence of the superiority of a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy over psychotherapy alone for the more severely-depressed outpatients, both in terms of overall recovery rates and a shorter time to recovery.[5] However, none of the patients older than 60 received psychotherapy and none with non-recurrent depression were in the combination group.[6] The less seriously depressed patients treated with interpersonal therapy (IPT) or CBT alone achieved results comparable to those in the combination group.[7] As it is, this evidence for the effectiveness of a combined approach is ambiguous. There are further problems with this study, though. Comorbid patients were excluded[8] – and as has been noted earlier, comorbidity is typically associated with poorer outcomes – and a disproportionately large number of the patients had recurrent depression, so if the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is more effective in this sub-group, this will lend a skew to the picture suggesting effectiveness in all severely-depressed patients.[9] Finally, inasmuch as this is a mega-analysis, the non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists highlighted earlier makes generalizations very difficult, a problem noted by the authors of this study also.[1] In their 2004 review, Pampallona et al. concluded that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy produced a greater improvement in depression scores than pharmacotherapy alone.[2] Pampallona et al. note that the addition of psychotherapy does appear to reduce the degree of non-response and increase adherence, but they question whether this is because psychotherapy has a genuine therapeutic effect or whether it is merely enhancing compliance with the pharmacological regimen, and suggest further studies with an improved range of outcome measures, including patient satisfaction, well-being and social functioning.[3] In their 2005 review, however, Otto et al. found that acute outcome studies with depressed outpatients provided only limited support for the theory that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is more efficacious than either approach alone. They did find higher rates of treatment response, but the differences were small and not statistically significant.[4] Adding psychotherapy to the acute phase of a pharmacological treatment regimen was found to offer a comparable efficacy to a long-term pharmacological regimen in helping to prevent more than one relapse.[5] Otto et al. did find that adding CBT to a pharmacological course of treatment improved medication adherence, reduced the impact of psychosocial stressors such as negative life events and anxiety comorbidity, prevented or limited the severity of prodromal episodes, and directly improved outcomes in bipolar disorder.[6] The evidence, then, for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal. It does appear to improve outcomes, but it is unclear whether to a greater or approximately equivalent extent to pharmacological approaches to treatment. Whilst the evidence for adopting a combined approach is also not clear-cut, since the vast majority of people with depression experience multiple episodes over their lifetime, and are especially prone to relapses shortly after their first episode[1], and in light of both the possibly complementary mode of action of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy and the possibly harmful effects of long-term anti-depressant use, a more effective long-term strategy might involve the integration of both approaches. This might involve a drugs-based regimen in the earlier stages of depression, to treat symptoms and affective distress, and cognitive therapy throughout, to treat the interpersonal and social dimensions of depression, enhan ce compliance to the drugs-based regimen and treat and prevent relapses. Vos et al. modeled the impact of adopting a longer-term maintenance strategy on the burden of major depression, and suggested that this could avert half the depression occurring in the five years after an episode.[2] A combined strategy would appear therefore to show some promise in reducing the quite significant disease burden placed by depression on society and improving the lives of those who suffer from it. Further robust controlled trials are clearly needed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive therapy, both alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, as a part of an integrated long-term strategy. References Ball, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 71-85 Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181-189 Conte, H., Plutchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) ‘Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: A Systematic Analysis of the Evidence’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 471-479 Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1102-1113 Klein, D. F. (2000) ‘Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy’, Am J Psychiatr 157, 1204-1211 Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 72-86 Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) ‘Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 714-719 Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1009-1015 Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) ‘The Burden of Major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 1097-1103 1 Footnotes [1] Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1102 [2] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181 [1] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181 [2] Blackburn et al., 182 [1] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 188 [2] Blackburn et al., 188 [3] Ball, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 77 [4] Ball et al., 80 [5] Ball et al., 81 [6] Ball et al., 82 [7] Ball et al., 73 [8] Ball et al., 81,82 [1] Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 73 [2] Otto et al., 73 [3] Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1111 [4] Otto et al., 74 [5] Otto et al., 74-75 [1] Conte, H., Plutchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) ‘Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: A Systematic Analysis of the Evidence’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 477-478 [2] Conte et al., 478 [3] Conte et al., 478 [4] Klein, D. F. (2000) ‘Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy’, Am J Psychiatr 157, 1204 [5] Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1012-1013 [6] Thase et al., 1012-1013 [7] Thase et al., 1013 [8] Thase et al., 1014 [9] Thase et al., 1014 [1] Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1014 [2] Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) ‘Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 718 [3] Pampallona et al., 718 [4] Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 73 [5] Otto et al., 75 [6] Otto et al., 76 [1] Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) ‘The Burden of Major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 1102 [2] Vos et al., 1101-1102

Santiagos Character :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe Santiago’s character in regard to the adversity he faces. What political or historical person could you compare him to? Explain. Santiago faces many adversities in the novel but the main one that makes up the plot is Santiago being shunned as a fisherman in his village by all of the people because he can not catch one fish. A political person that compares to Santiago is Elizabeth Anne Seton. She fought for women’s right to vote and did not care what people called her and what men thought of her. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Draw three parallels between Santiago and the marlin. Choose one quality both share and discuss in detail the impact of this quality on the fate of both the man and the fish. Three parallels between Santiago and the marlin are they are both decisive about what they want. Santiago refuses to stop fishing even though the people of the village are very discouraging, and the marlin will not stop fighting Santiago when he is trying to capture him. Another parallel is that Santiago and the marlin are both old and weak. The last is that there is a lack of faith. Santiago has not caught a fish a very long time and people think the marlin is a legend and it could never exist. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explain why Hemingway would make the game of baseball and baseball hero, Joe DiMaggio, such important components of a novel about fishing. Hemingway makes the game of baseball and the baseball hero, Joe DiMaggio such important components of the novel because DiMaggio had the attitude of a hero. Also, it was set that when DiMaggio lost his streak in baseball that Santiago set of to go fish and find the marlin. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the role of Manolin? Why would Hemingway choose to portray this character as a child rather than an adult? The role of Manolin is one of a caretaker. He is always there for Santiago even though Santiago never asks for help. Hemingway chooses to show Manolin as a child to show how immature the people in the village are, and also to show that children of all ages can be just as respectful and responsible as adults. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List three conflicts presented in the novel. Which one do you think is the most significant? Why? Three conflicts that are present in the novel are Santiago verses society, Santiago verses the fish and Santiago verses himself. The most important conflict though is Santiago verses society because with their lack of faith in him to fish, Santiago sets out for an adventure that tests his strength and confidence.